Methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for generating fractional guard periods

ABSTRACT

A method, system, and computer program product is provided for transmitting output symbols in sub-slots that each have a pre-determined length. A UE generates a first output symbol having a first symbol length, and transmits the first output symbol with a guard period having a guard period length. During the guard period, no transmission is made by the UE. The sum of the first symbol length and the guard period length is less than or equal to the predetermined length. Further, the UE generates a plurality of other output symbols that each have the predetermined length. Then, immediately following the transmission of the first output symbol, the UE transmits the plurality of other output symbols.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/883,636, filed on Sep. 27, 2013 and entitled “Methods, Apparatuses,and Computer Program Products for Generating Fractional Guard Periodsfor OFDMA Signals,” the entire content of which is incorporated byreference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to apparatuses, methods and computer programproducts for generating fractional guard periods for IDFT-modulatedsignals.

BACKGROUND

Among the uses of local IP-based services provided by 3GPP LTE includedirect communication between user equipments (UEs) in proximity (e.g.,typically less than a few tens of meters, but sometimes up to a fewhundred meters) of each other. Such device-to-device (D2D) communicationprovides advantages over communication between a UE and a radio accessnetwork (RAN), such as UE-eNB communication. Such advantages includecapacity gain, peak rate gain, and latency gain. In addition, D2Dcommunication allows UEs to sense their proximity to each other, whichenables proximity-based services (ProSe) and applications.

D2D communication may involve many-to-many communication, in which eachtransmitting UE targets multiple receiving UEs (i.e., a broadcast tomultiple UEs) positioned at different locations. Because propagationdelays are different for each D2D link between two UEs, a transmittedD2D signal arrives at different UEs with different delays with respectto a synchronization reference signal. The different propagation delaysmay cause interference in D2D communication.

SUMMARY

This disclosure relates to generating one or more guard periods toreduce the effect of interference among radio signals. For instance, inLTE systems, a user equipment (UE) can engage in both device-to-device(D2D) communication and in communication with a radio access network(RAN) (i.e., cellular communication). LTE allows D2D communication toshare a part of the spectrum used for uplink (UL) cellularcommunication. To avoid interference, UEs may switch between D2Dcommunication and UL cellular communication, such as through a timedivision mode. However, because the D2D communication and UL cellularcommunication may rely on different values for synchronization, andbecause of differences in propagation delay between D2D communicationsignals (D2D signals) and UL cellular communication signals (ULsignals), the switching may not be perfectly synchronized. As a result,interference may occur between D2D signals and UL signals. For example,if D2D and UL signals are allocated transmission time in units ofsub-frames (e.g., 1 msec intervals), a UE may still be receiving a D2Dsub-frame while it begins transmitting a UL sub-frame, resulting ininterference between the two sub-frames.

In some cases, the interference occurs at a beginning or a tail end of acommunication period, such as at the beginning or tail end of the D2Dsub-frame or UL sub-frame. For instance, a UE may experienceinterference when the tail end of a D2D sub-frame being received by theUE overlaps with a beginning of a UL sub-frame being transmitted by theUE. As another example, the tail end of a UL sub-frame directed at abase station may overlap with a beginning of a D2D sub-frame beingreceived by the UE. These examples thus illustrate that interference mayoccur at a beginning and/or a tail end of sub-frames.

To reduce the effect of interference, a guard period may be used,especially at the beginning and/or tail end of a communication period,such as at the beginning and/or tail end of a sub-frame. During theguard period, a UE refrains from transmitting (e.g., refrains frombroadcasting) any signals, because a transmitted signal may be distortedby interference around that time. Refraining from transmitting anysignals during the guard period also reduces the amount of interferencethat other UEs may experience.

In some instances, guard periods have to be implemented within thecontext of an existing communication protocol. LTE, for example, alreadyhas an existing radio frame structure that transmits signals in radioframes (e.g., in 10 msec intervals). In this structure, each framecomprises ten sub-frames that are each, e.g., 1 msec in duration. Eachsub-frame is divided into two slots. During the duration of a slot, a UEmay transmit six or seven output symbols. In some cases, the outputsymbols are IDFT-modulated symbols (e.g., OFDMA symbols or SC-FDMAsymbols). Each IDFT-modulated symbol includes, for example, a pluralityof time-domain samples that represent a linear combination offrequency-modulated (e.g., sub-carrier-modulated) inputs.

In an embodiment, to implement guard periods as part of this radio framestructure, they may be provided as a beginning (e.g., first) sub-slotand/or tail-end (e.g., last) sub-slot of a sub-frame of the radio frame.In this embodiment, when a UE is allocated a sub-frame for D2Dcommunication or UL communication, the entire first sub-slot and/or theentire last sub-slot of the sub-frame may be unused because the entiresub-slot is occupied by a guard period. While this implementationreduces the effect of interference at the first sub-slot and/or the lastsub-slot of a radio sub-frame and fits within LTE's radio framestructure, it also incurs a substantial overhead. For a sub-frame having14 sub-slots, the UE has to remain silent for 2 of the sub-slots. As aresult, 14.3% (2/14) of the sub-frame is dedicated to overhead ratherthan signal transmission.

To reduce overhead, a UE may designate only a fraction of a sub-slot asa guard period, and may transmit signals on the remaining portion of thesub-slot. For instance, the UE may designate approximately half (or ⅓,¼, or some other fraction) of the first sub-slot of a sub-frame as theguard period, and may transmit a shortened IDFT-modulated symbol on theremaining portion of the sub-slot. Shortening the guard period in thismanner may reduce overhead by about half. In many instances, the shorterguard period still has a sufficient duration to adequately reduce theeffect of interference among sub-frames.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a UE, a system, andcomputer program product is provided for transmitting output symbols(e.g., IDFT-modulated symbols) in sub-slots (e.g., consecutivesub-slots) that each have a pre-determined length (the length of asub-slot may be referred to as a “symbol length”).

In an embodiment, a UE generates a first output symbol having a firstsymbol length. In the embodiment, the UE transmits the first outputsymbol with a guard period having a guard period length. During theguard period, no transmission is made by the UE. In the embodiment, thesum of the first symbol length and the guard period length is less thanor equal to the predetermined length.

In the embodiment, the UE generates a plurality of other output symbolsthat each have the predetermined length. Then, immediately following thetransmission of the first output symbol, the UE may transmit theplurality of other output symbols.

In one embodiment a User Equipment, UE, may transmit output symbols insub-slots, each of the sub-slots having a predetermined length. The UEcomprises a processing system and a data storage system, said datastorage system comprising instructions executable by said processingsystem. The instructions, when executed by the processing system, causethe UE to generate a first output symbol having a first symbol lengththat is shorter than the predetermined length. The instructions, whenexecuted by the processing system, further cause the UE to transmit thefirst output symbol with a guard period having a guard period length,wherein a sum of the first symbol length and the guard period length isless than or equal to the predetermined length, and wherein notransmission is made by the UE during the guard period. Theinstructions, when executed by the processing system, further cause theUE to generate a plurality of other output symbols that each have thepredetermined length and immediately following the transmission of thefirst output symbol, transmit the plurality of other output symbols.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a UE, a system, andcomputer program product is provided for receiving output symbols (e.g.,IDFT-modulated symbols) in sub-slots (e.g., consecutive sub-slots) thateach have a pre-determined length (e.g., sub-slot length).

In an embodiment, an UE receives a first signal having the predeterminedlength. The first signal may include a guard period with a guard periodlength. The UE further receives a plurality of other signals that eachhas the predetermined length.

In an embodiment, the UE extracts, from the first signal, a first symbolhaving a first symbol length. A sum of the first symbol length and theguard period is less than or equal to the predetermined length.

In an embodiment, the UE extracts, from one of the plurality of othersignals, a second symbol having a second symbol length. The secondsymbol length is greater than the first symbol length and is less thanor equal to the predetermined length.

In one embodiment a User Equipment, UE, may receive output symbols insub-slots, each of the sub slots having a predetermined length. The UEcomprises a processing system and a data storage system, said datastorage system comprising instructions executable by said processingsystem. The instructions, when executed by the processing system, causethe UE to receive a first signal having the predetermined length,wherein the first signal includes a guard period with a guard periodlength. The instructions, when executed by the processing system,further cause the UE to receive a plurality of other signals that eachhas the predetermined length. The instructions, when executed by theprocessing system, further cause the UE to extract, from the firstsignal, a first symbol having a first symbol length, wherein a sum ofthe first symbol length and the guard period length is less than orequal to the predetermined length and to extract, from one of theplurality of other signals, a second symbol having a second symbollength, wherein the second symbol length is equal to the predeterminedlength.

Features, objects and advantages of the present disclosure will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art by reading the following detaileddescription where references will be made to the appended figures inwhich;

The above and other aspects and embodiments are described in furtherdetail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a plurality of UEs engaged in either D2Dcommunication or cellular communication.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate intra-UE or inter-UE interference.

FIG. 3 illustrates a sub-frame having guard periods.

FIG. 4 illustrates a sub-frame having shorter guard periods than thosein FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates example components of a UE, including a signalgeneration component, for generating a signal for transmission.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example signal generation component.

FIG. 7 illustrates an output symbol corresponding to the signalgeneration component of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example signal generation component.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example signal reception and processing component.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example signal generation component.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example signal reception and processingcomponent.

FIGS. 12-13 illustrate output symbols corresponding to the signalgeneration components of FIGS. 8 and 10.

FIGS. 14-18 illustrate flow diagrams according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 19A-19B illustrate flow diagrams according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 20 illustrates a UE according to one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Device-to-device (D2D) communication increases a capacity for useequipments (UEs) to communicate among each other, both in environmentsin which they are outside the coverage of a radio access network (RAN)and in environments in which they are within such coverage. In someinstances, D2D communication may coexist with cellular communication(i.e., communication with the RAN) by sharing the uplink (UL) cellularspectrum. For example, in a time division duplex (TDD) system, a UE mayswitch between using the UL cellular spectrum to perform D2Dcommunication during one time interval and using the UL cellularspectrum to perform cellular communication with an eNB during anothertime interval. In LTE, the switching may be done on the level of radiosub-frames. In such instances, certain UL cellular communicationsub-frames (UL sub-frames) may be reserved for D2D communication. The UEmay need to then switch between a D2D mode and a cellular communicationmode. Although the switching may rely on a timing advance (TA) value,different UEs may adopt different synchronization references, and maythus adopt different TA values.

Because the UEs may adopt different synchronization references, theswitching between D2D communication and cellular communication may notbe ideally synchronized. Thus, one UE may continue to use a part of theUL cellular spectrum to conduct D2D communication even as another UEbegins using that part of the spectrum for cellular communication. Suchan overlap between the D2D communication and cellular communication maythus cause signal interference.

The present disclosure is concerned with coping with that interferenceby providing a guard period at a beginning and/or end of a time periodallocated for wirelessly communicating output symbols, such asIDFT-modulated symbols. The present disclosure is further concerned withproviding the guard period without modifying a frame structure used inradio transmission (e.g., the structure of a LTE radio frame), and withreducing a degree of overhead incurred by the guard period.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 in which such interference may occur.The system 100 includes UEs (e.g., UE 102 and UE 104) that can engage inD2D communication and one or more UEs (e.g., UE 106) that can engage incellular communication with a base station (e.g., base station 108). Inan example, UE 104 may experience interference from cellularcommunication being transmitted by UE 106 and D2D communication beingtransmitted by UE 102.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate various sub-frames that are transmitted by theUEs and an eNB, and illustrates interference between the sub-frames.

FIG. 2A illustrates intra-UE interference (also referred to as intra-UEcollision), in which a UE attempts to receive D2D communication whilealso attempting to transmit UL communication at the same time. Morespecifically, FIG. 2A shows that UE 104 may receive a portion ofsub-frame 202 from UE 102 while as it simultaneously transmits asub-frame 204 to eNB 108. This overlap between the received sub-frame202 and the transmitted sub-frame 204 is referred to as a collision. Thecollision occurs because, while the UEs rely on a timing advance (TA)value to synchronize the switching between D2D and cellularcommunication, the TA of D2D transmission and reception may bedifferent. The synchronization is further affected by propagation delayfrom a transmitting UE to a receiving UE. This overlap in the sub-framesmay prevent UE 104 from correctly receiving a portion of sub-frame 202and may prevent UE 104 from correctly transmitting a portion ofsub-frame 204.

FIG. 2B illustrates inter-UE interference, in which a UE is receivingD2D communication while being affected by UL cellular transmission fromanother UE nearby. More specifically, while UE 104 is receiving aportion of sub-frame 208 from UE 102, signals of sub-frame 206 (whichare intended for eNB 108) may reach UE 104 at the same time, causing anoverlap between the two sub-frames. This overlap arises because D2Dcommunication and cellular communication may rely on different TAvalues, because of propagation delay in the D2D communication, or anycombination thereof. The overlap may prevent UE 104 from correctlydetecting the signals from sub-frame 208.

Similar interference issues may occur even in non-D2D systems. Forexample, TDD systems suffer from similar issues, as well asheterogeneous deployments where pico nodes provide dual connectivityfeatures.

As illustrated above, D2D communication may experience interferenceparticularly at a beginning of a time period allocated for suchcommunication, at an end of the allocated period, or both. Thus, if UEsin a LTE communication system are allocated sub-frames to perform D2Dcommunication, each UE may particularly experience interference at abeginning of the sub-frame or at a tail end of the sub-frame, whereoverlap with an interfering sub-frame is likely to occur.

To address this interference, an UE may perform D2D communication with aguard period. The guard period may occupy an interval when the UE isexpected to receive interference. During the guard period, the UE doesnot transmit any signals, because such signals may be distorted by theinterference, and may themselves interfere with another UE. Because, asillustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, the interference experienced during D2Dcommunication is likely to occur at a beginning or tail end of a timeperiod allocated for the D2D communication, the guard period may belocated at one or both of the beginning and the end of the allocatedtime period.

As discussed above, for LTE systems, the time period for D2Dcommunication is allocated in units of sub-frames. A guard period maythus be located at a beginning or an end of a sub-frame. In anembodiment, the guard period has to be consistent with the structure ofthe sub-frame, which is defined by LTE to include a certain number ofslots (e.g., 2 slots), and to include a certain number of IDFT-modulatedsymbols within each slot (e.g., 6 or 7 symbols). That is, the guardperiod cannot change the length of the sub-frame, the number or lengthof slots within the sub-frame, or the length of a sub-slot in which anIDFT-modulated symbol is transmitted. Otherwise, legacy UEs would becomeincompatible with the use of guard periods.

In one implementation fits within LTE's sub-frame structure, an entiresub-slot is used as the guard period, as illustrated in FIG. 3. Thefigure illustrates a LTE sub-frame that includes two slots. Each of thetwo slots may transmit up to seven IDFT-modulated symbols in sevensub-slots. An IDFT-modulated symbol may include orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, such as an OFDM Access (OFDMA)symbol or a single-carrier frequency division multiplexing accessSC-FDMA symbol. An OFDMA symbol is generated through an OFDM operationin which a subset of subcarriers is assigned to a user. A SC-FDMA symbolis generated by applying a DFT operation to a set of input symbolsbefore applying subcarrier mapping and the IDFT operation (e.g., IFFToperation) to the input symbols. In LTE, OFDMA symbols are generated fordownlink transmission from an eNB to an UE, while SC-FDMA symbols aregenerated for uplink transmission from the UE to the eNB. The DFToperation used in generating SC-FDMA symbols reduce the symbols'peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which reduces power requirements forthe UE. In an embodiment, an IDFT-modulated symbol is transmitted in asub-slot. In the embodiment, a plurality of sub-slots make up a slot,and a plurality of slots make up a radio sub-frame.

In this disclosure, if cyclical prefixes are transmitted for anIDFT-modulated symbol, the IDFT-modulated symbol may include thecyclical prefix. The cyclical prefix may include one or more samplesfrom a tail end of an IDFT-modulated symbol. In an embodiment, thetransmission of signals may involve no cyclical prefixes.

As FIG. 3 illustrates, while an example sub-frame may have 14 sub-slotsthat could accommodate up to 14 output symbols, it may actuallycommunicate only 12 output symbols, as the entirety of the other 2sub-slots are guard periods. Thus, no transmission occurs duringsub-slot 1 (i.e., at the beginning of the sub-frame), and notransmission occurs during sub-slot 14 (i.e., at the tail end of thesub-frame).

However, dedicating two entire sub-slots of a sub-frame to guard periodsmeans that 14.3% (i.e., 2/14) of a sub-frame is being used just to guardagainst interference. No data can be transmitted during such guardperiods. Such an amount of overhead may be wasteful.

To reduce this overhead, a UE may dedicate only a fraction of a sub-slotas a guard period. FIG. 4 illustrates a resulting sub-frame, in whichboth sub-slot 1 and sub-slot 14 have a guard period, but each guardperiod occupies only a fraction of its corresponding sub-slot. Theremaining portion of the sub-slot is occupied by a shortenedIDFT-modulated symbol. In the illustrated embodiment, the IDFT-modulatedsymbol includes a cyclical prefix. In other embodiments, however, theIDFT-modulated symbol does not include a cyclical prefix. As describedbelow in more detail, the shorter guard period may be implemented byfirst generating a shortened IDFT-modulated symbol and adding a cyclicalprefix to the shortened IDFT-modulated symbol. The resulting outputsymbol may occupy only a fraction of the sub-slot. The remaining portionof the sub-slot may be used as the guard period.

FIG. 5 provides an overview of UE components, such as those of UE 102,that are configured to generate an OFDM symbol for transmission. WhileFIG. 5 shows a UE that generates an OFDM symbol, this disclosure appliesmore generally to UEs that generate IDFT-modulated symbols. TheIDFT-modulated symbols may include an OFDM symbol, such as an OFDMAsymbol or a SC-FDMA symbol. An OFDMA symbol generally refers to a symbolgenerated by an OFDM system in which a subset of sub-carriers may beassigned to an individual UE. A SC-FDMA symbol generally refers to asymbol generated by an OFDM system in which input symbols have beenDFT-pre-coded. The DFT pre-coding of input symbols may reduce thepeak-to-power ratio of the IDFT output.

FIG. 5 shows that the components are implemented in a data processingsystem 501, which may include hardware, software, firmware, or anycombination thereof. The components ultimately convert data to an OFDMsymbol, which is transmitted by antenna 512 and/or antenna 514. The twoantennas may be used to perform beamforming during transmission of theOFDM symbols.

Before an OFDM symbol is generated in the illustrated embodiment, atransport block holding data is converted into codewords. The conversionmay, for example, add error protection to the transport blocks. One ormore scrambling components 504A, 504B may scramble the codewords. In anembodiment, the scrambling may be based on the UE's cell radio networktemporary identifier (C-RNTI). The scrambled codewords may be convertedto one or more modulated symbols (also referred to as encoded symbols)by one or more modulation mappers 506A, 506B. The modulation mapper506A, 506B may include one or more modulation and coding scheme (MCS)components, which may map a value or set of values to a modulatedsymbol. The mapping may, for instance, be based on QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM,or any other modulation and coding scheme. The modulated symbols may bemapped by a layer mapper 508 into one or more layers (e.g., one or morestreams). The mapped, modulated symbols may then be pre-coded by aprecoding component 510. In one instance, the modulated symbols may bepre-coded so as to facilitate beamforming at the antennas 512 and 514.In one instance, the modulated symbols may be DFT-precoded so that theoutput symbols generated by the data processing system 501 are SC-FDMAsymbols. The precoding component 510 may combine the beamforming andDFT-precoding functionalities. The pre-coded symbols are input to atleast one symbol generation component 502. The symbol generationcomponent 502 includes a resource element mapper and a componentconfigured to generate an OFDM symbol (or any other IDFT-modulatedsymbol).

FIG. 6 illustrates an example symbol generation component 502A thatgenerates a conventional IDFT-modulated symbol. More specifically, thecomponent 502A includes a RE mapper 602 that allocates resource elements(REs) to N input symbols. The N input symbols include, for example,symbols encoded by the modulation mapper 506A or 506B of FIG. 6. In anembodiment in which the component 502A is configured to generate SC-FDMAsymbols, the N input symbols include symbols that are encoded by themodulation mapper 506A or 506B and DFT-pre-coded by DFT component 601.FIG. 6 further shows a RE mapper 602 that maps the N input symbols to Nsubcarriers 604. An inverse discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) component606 converts the N input symbols to an IDFT-modulated symbol (e.g.,OFDMA or SC-FDMA symbol). The IDFT component 606 may be implemented torequire M inputs. In an embodiment, the number of input symbols N isless than the number of required IDFT inputs M. In such an embodiment,inputs of zero may be used to pad the unused IDFT inputs. TheIDFT-modulated symbol that is generated represents a linear combinationof the N modulated subcarriers sampled at M points in time. When theIDFT-modulated symbol is generated, a parallel-to-serial converter 608converts the M parallel samples to a serial IDFT-modulated symbol thatincludes the M samples. A cyclical prefix (CP) insertion component 612adds a cyclical prefix (CP) to generate, as the output symbol, amodified IDFT-modulated symbol 614.

FIG. 7 illustrates the IDFT-modulated symbol 610 generated by the IDFToperation and the modified IDFT-modulated symbol 612 generated by the CPinsertion component 612. As FIG. 7 illustrates, the IDFT operationgenerates a symbol having M samples. In the embodiment, to generate theoutput IDFT-modulated symbol 612, one or more samples (e.g., L_CPsamples) from the tail end of IDFT-modulated symbol 610 is added as acyclical prefix to symbol 610. In the example illustrated in FIG. 7, theoutput M+L_CP samples of symbol 612 is transmitted in a sub-slot of aLTE sub-frame.

As discussed above, rather than use an entire sub-slot of a LTEsub-frame as a guard period, a UE may use part of the sub-slot totransmit a shorter IDFT-modulated symbol. The OFDM symbol is shorter inthat it has less samples. For instance, while an IDFT operation mayoutput M samples for sub-slots having no guard periods, it may outputM/L (L=2, 3, 4, etc.) samples for a sub-slot having a guard period.

In an embodiment, the signal generation component 502B generates theshorter IDFT-modulated symbol by using fewer input symbols. Whereas thesignal generation component 502A uses N input symbols, the signalgeneration component 502B uses N/L (e.g., N/2, N/3, etc.) input symbols.The RE mapper 602 outputs a smaller set of subcarriers 802 compared tothe set of subcarriers 604. In the signal generation component 502B, theIDFT component 804 is modified to have a smaller size of M/L. The IDFTcomponent 804 is modified to have this smaller size in order toaccommodate the smaller number of subcarriers. This IDFT component 804,which has the smaller size of M/L, generates an IFDT-modulated symbolhaving M/L samples 806. A parallel to serial converter 808 converts theM/L samples to IDFT-modulated symbol 810. CP insertion component 809modifies the IDFT-modulated symbol 810 by adding a cyclical prefix togenerate IDFT-modulated symbol 812. The output IDFT-modulated symbol 812has M/L+L_CP samples. In an embodiment, the CP insertion component 809may insert a guard period by filling the remaining samples of thesub-slot with values of zero. For instance, if a sub-slot accommodatesM+L_CP output samples and the output IDFT-modulated symbol has M/2+L_CPsamples, the CP insertion component 809 may insert M/2 samples of zerosas a guard period. In an embodiment, a sub-frame may have a firstsub-slot that begins with a guard period of, e.g., M/2 samples followedby an IDFT-modulated symbol of M/2+L_CP samples. The sub-frame mayfurther have middle sub-slots that have no guard period and anIDFT-modulated symbol of M+L_CP samples. In the embodiment, thesub-frame may also have a last sub-slot that begins with anIDFT-modulated symbol of M/2+L_CP samples followed by a guard period ofM/2 samples.

In an embodiment in which the component 502B is configured to generateSC-FDMA symbols, the N/L input symbols include symbols that are encodedby the modulation mapper 506A or 506B and DFT-pre-coded by DFT component801.

FIG. 9 illustrates a data processing system 901 that complements thesignal generation component 502B. The data processing system 901 may bea part of UE 104A, and may be used to process IDFT-modulated symbolsgenerated by the signal generation component 502B of UE 102. The dataprocessing system (DPS) 901 may include components that reverses theprocessing performed in signal generation component 502B. In particular,DPS 901 may include a cyclical prefix (CP) removal and windowingcomponent 902 that separates an IDFT-modulated symbol in a sub-slot froma guard period of the sub-slot and removes the CP from theIDFT-modulated symbol. A serial-to-parallel converter 903 reverses theprocessing of the parallel-to-serial converter 808. A DFT component 904reverses the transform performed by the IDFT component 804. Note thatthe DFT component 904 also is implemented to have a size of M/L. The REdemapper 906 reverses the processing of RE mapper 602. In an embodiment,if UE 104A were receiving SC-FDMA symbols, the output of RE Demapper 906may include symbols that are DFT-pre-coded (from operations performed byDFT component 801). The DFT-pre-coding may be reversed by IDFT component908.

Although the signal generation component 502B in FIG. 8 is able togenerate a shorter IDFT-modulated symbol, its implementation involvesmodifying the IDFT component. The IDFT component has to be modified froma component 606 having the size shown in signal generation component502A to a component 804 that has a smaller size. Such a change mayinvolve a change in hardware or software. For cost and compatibilityreasons, it may be desirable to generate a shorter IDFT-modulated symbolwithout changing the IDFT component 606.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example signal generation component 502C thatgenerates a shorter IDFT-modulated symbol without changing the IDFTcomponent 606.

Like in the signal generation component 502A, signal generationcomponent 502C includes the RE mapper 602, IDFT component 606, andparallel to serial converter 608. In an embodiment in which thecomponent 502C is configured to generate SC-FDMA symbols, the N/L inputsymbols include symbols that are encoded by the modulation mapper 506Aor 506B and DFT-pre-coded by DFT component 801.

In FIG. 10, because the IDFT component 606 still has size M, itgenerates M output samples 607, even though RE mapper 602 outputs onlyN/L subcarriers based on N/L input symbols. In order to generate ashorter IDFT-modulated symbol having M/L samples, the M samplesgenerated by the IDFT component 606 needs to be reduced to M/L samples.

In an embodiment, the component 502C accomplishes the reduction byinterleaving the input symbols to the IDFT component 606 with inputs ofzero. Interleaving the input symbols with inputs of zero causes theoutput of the IDFT component 606 to be periodic. More specifically,interleaving the input symbols by assigning them to every L_(th)subcarrier causes the IDFT output to have L cycles. Each of the L cyclesmay be a replica of each of the other cycles. A signal subset extractioncomponent 1002 may extract a signal subset of one of the cycles. Thisextracted subset has M/L samples, and is the shortened IDFT-modulatedsymbol 810. A CP insertion unit 809 then inserts a CP prefix to createIDFT-modulated symbol 812. In an embodiment, the CP insertion unit 809may further add a guard period by adding inputs of zero for theremaining samples of the sub-slot.

As a more specific example of the interleaving, the IDFT component 606may use consecutive sub-carriers w₁, w₂, w₃, w₄, etc. Input symbols maybe modulated with sub-carriers w₁, w₃, etc., while inputs of zero may beapplied to sub-carrier w₂ and sub-carrier w₄. Such an interleaving mayproduce an IDFT output that has two periods. Each period may be areplica of the other. In this example, although the IDFT component 606generates M samples, the samples are made up of two periods that are thesame. An extractor may thus extract one of the replicas, of M/2 samples,as the shortened IDFT-modulated symbol. In an embodiment, a cyclicalprefix of L_CP samples may be added to generate an IDFT-modulated symbolhaving a length of M/2+L_CP samples. This symbol may be transmitted in asub-slot that accommodates M samples. The sub-slot may have a guardperiod of M/2 samples that are each zero. The above implementationallows a shortened IDFT-modulated symbol to be generated without havingto modify a size of an IDFT component.

FIG. 11 illustrates a data processing system 1101 that complements thesignal generation component 502C. The data processing system 1101 may bea part of UE 104B, and it may be used to process IDFT-modulated symbolsgenerated by the signal generation component 502C of UE 102. Like thedata processing system 901, data processing system 1101 also has a CPprefix removal and windowing component 902 and a RE demapper 906.

Data processing system 1101 additionally includes a signal replicatingcomponent 1102, which reverses the processing of signal subsetextraction component 1002. More particularly, the component 1102generates a longer, periodic symbol of M samples from a shortenedIDFT-modulated symbol of M/L samples. For instance, if the receivedsymbol had M/2 samples, the component 1102 may replicate the M/2 samplesand concatenate all the samples to output a symbol having M samples. Theserial to parallel converter 1103 converts the M samples to parallelform. A DFT component 1104 reverses the processing of IDFT component606. The RE demapper 906 reverses the operation of RE mapper 602. In anembodiment, if UE 104B were receiving SC-FDMA symbols, the output of REdemapper 906 may include symbols that are DFT-pre-coded (from operationsperformed by DFT component 801). The DFT-pre-coding may be reversed byIDFT component 908. The output of the IDFT component 908 may be N/Lsymbols encoded in a format such as BSK, QPSK, QAM, or any othermodulation and coding scheme. Other components of the UE 104B may decodethe encoded symbols.

FIGS. 12 to 13 illustrate the shortened IDFT-modulated symbol and theguard period in a beginning or tail sub-slot of a sub-frame. The guardperiod may be placed at a beginning of the sub-slot or may be placed atan end of the sub-slot, depending on which sub-slot the guard periodwill occupy. For instance, the guard period shown in FIG. 12 may occupysub-slot 14, while the guard period shown in FIG. 13 may occupy sub-slot1. In an embodiment, a sub-frame may have only one guard period, locatedat either sub-slot 1 or sub-slot 14.

FIG. 14 provides a flow diagram that illustrates an example process 1400for transmitting a shortened symbol and a guard period. In the example,output symbols may be transmitted in sub-slots, which may have apredetermined length (e.g., a sub-slot length). The sub-slot may be oneof a plurality of sub-slots that make up a radio sub-frame, which may beallocated to a UE for making D2D or cellular communication. In anembodiment, process 1400 begins at step 1402, in which a UE (e.g., UE102) generates a first output symbol having a first symbol length thatis shorter than the predetermined length. For instance, each sub-slotmay have a predetermined length that accommodates M+L_CP samples, andthe first symbol may have a first symbol length of M/2 samples orM/2+L_CP samples.

In step 1404, the UE transmits the first output symbol with a guardperiod having a guard period length. In an embodiment, the sum of thefirst symbol length and the guard period length is less than or equal tothe predetermined length. The predetermined length may accommodate acyclical prefix (if output symbols include a cyclical prefix) or mayhave no room for a cyclical prefix (if output symbols do not include acyclical prefix). In an embodiment, the sum of the first symbol lengthand the guard period length may be less than the predetermined length ifadditional output signaling is included in the sub-slot. In anembodiment, the sum of the first symbol length and the guard periodlength may equal the predetermined length if no additional signaling isincluded in the sub-slot.

At step 1406, the UE generates a plurality of other output symbols thateach have the predetermined length. Thus, step 1406 may generate anoutput symbol having more samples than the first output symbol. At step1408, the UE transmits the plurality of other output symbols immediatelyfollowing transmission of the first output symbol.

In an embodiment, process 1400 may further include steps 1410 and 1412.In step 1410, the UE generates an end output symbol having the firstsymbol length. In step 1412, the UE transmits the end output symbol withthe guard period immediately following transmission of the plurality ofother output symbols. The guard period may follow the transmission ofthe end output symbol. In some cases, the first output symbol and theend output symbol may make up a first symbol and a tail end symbol,respectively, of a sub-frame.

FIG. 15 provides a flow diagram that illustrates a more detailed exampleof how the first output symbol is generated at step 1402 and how one ofthe plurality of other output symbols is generated at step 1406. Forinstance, generating the first output symbol includes step 1502, inwhich the UE performs a frequency modulation operation (e.g., IDFT) on afirst set of input symbols. Generating one of the plurality of otheroutput symbols includes step 1506, in which the UE performs a frequencymodulation operation (e.g., IDFT) on a second set of input symbols.Generating one of the plurality of other output symbols may includeperforming a frequency modulation operation on a second set of inputsymbols. In the example, the first set of input symbols (e.g., size N/L)is smaller than the second set of input symbols (e.g., size N). In anembodiment, the frequency modulation outputs a set of sample values. Thevalues may, for instance, sample an inverse Fourier transform of theinput symbols in M or M/L points in time. The number of sample valuesmay depend on the size of the input. By providing a set that has fewerinput symbols (e.g., N/L input symbols), an output having fewer samplevalues (e.g., M/L sample values) may be generated.

FIG. 16 provides a flow diagram that illustrates how the first outputsymbol (e.g., first IDFT-modulated symbol) is generated with thefrequency modulation. The example that is illustrated involvesinterleaving input symbols with inputs of zero. For instance, at step1602, the UE generates a periodic output by performing an inverseFourier transform in which non-consecutive sub-carrier frequencies areassigned to input symbols, and the in-between sub-carrier frequenciesare assigned input values of zero. For example, if the IDFT usesconsecutive sub-carriers w₁, w₂, w₃, w₄, etc., input symbols may bemodulated with sub-carriers w₁ and w₃, while inputs of zero may beapplied to sub-carriers w₂ and w₄. In general, the interleaving mayapply an input symbol to every L_(th) of the consecutive sub-carriers,and assign an input of zero to each of the other consecutivesub-carriers. This interleaving of the input symbols with input valuesof zero creates an IDFT output that is periodic.

In step 1604, the UE extracts one period of the periodic output. Forinstance, if the IDFT output has two periods, the UE extracts half ofthe IDFT output. At step 1606, the UE adds a cyclical prefix to theextracted output. In an embodiment, the sum of the length of thecyclical prefix and the length of the extracted period equals the firstsymbol length.

The number of periods in the output may depend on how the input valuesand the zero input values are interleaved. For example, if the inputsymbols are assigned to every L sub-carrier of a set of consecutivesub-carriers, and all other sub-carriers are assigned input values ofzero, the output will have L periods that are replicas of each other. Aspecific example is provided in FIG. 17, which shows a flow diagram thatillustrates steps of the inverse Fourier transform performed at step1602.

In an embodiment, the step includes step 1702, in which the UE assignsevery other one of a set of consecutive sub-carrier frequencies tomodulate the input symbols. In other words, the UE assigns every 2^(nd)one of a set of consecutive sub-carrier frequencies to modulate inputsymbols.

In step 1704, the UE assigns all other sub-carrier frequencies tomodulate an input value of zero. The output of the IDFT will thus have 2periods that are replicas of each other. In step 1604, the UE willextract one of the two periods. The extracted signal represents theshortened symbol, which may be appended to a cyclical prefix and thentransmitted with a guard period.

FIG. 18 provides a flow diagram that illustrates a process 1800 from theperspective of a UE receiving D2D or cellular communication. In anembodiment, process 1800 begins at step 1802, in which an UE receives afirst signal having a predetermined length (e.g., M+L_CP samples) (thelength may be referred to as a “symbol length”). The first signal may bereceived during a first sub-slot of a radio sub-frame, and may include aguard period having a guard period length.

In step 1804, the UE may receive a plurality of other signals that eachhas the predetermined length (e.g., M+L_CP samples). The plurality ofother signals may be received in, for example, middle sub-slots of aradio sub-frame.

In step 1806, the UE may extract, from the first signal, a first symbolhaving a first symbol length (e.g., M/2 or M/2+L_CP samples). In theexample, a sum of the first symbol length and the guard period length isless than or equal to the predetermined length.

In step 1808, the UE may extract, from one of the plurality of othersignals, a second symbol having a second symbol length (e.g., M samplesor M+L_CP samples). In the example, the second symbol length is equal tothe predetermined length of the sub-slot.

FIG. 19A illustrates an embodiment for further processing the receivedsignals in a UE, such as UE 104A. In FIG. 19A, the extracted firstsymbol is an IDFT-modulated symbol that includes a cyclical prefix andthe second symbol is an IDFT-modulated symbol that includes a cyclicalprefix. In the illustrated embodiment, in step 1901, the UE removes thecyclical prefix from the first symbol. In step 1902, the UE (e.g., UE104A) performs a first DFT operation on the first symbol. In theembodiment, step 1902 may be performed after step 1901, and the firstDFT operation may require an input length that is equal to the firstsymbol length minus a cyclical prefix length (e.g., require an inputlength that is equal to M samples).

In step 1903, the UE removes a cyclical prefix from the first symbol. Instep 1904, which may be performed after step 1903, the UE performs asecond DFT operation on the second symbol. In an embodiment, the secondDFT operation may require an input length that is equal to the secondsymbol length minus the cyclical prefix length (e.g., require an inputlength that is equal to M samples).

FIG. 19B illustrates another embodiment for further processing thereceived signals in a UE, such as UE 104B. In the embodiment, the firstsignal may have been extracted from an output that was periodic. Theoutput may have been periodic because it is an IDFT-modulated symbol inwhich the inputs to the IDFT operation were interleaved with inputs ofzero. In this example, the first symbol length may be M/2+L_CP samples,which indicates that the periodic output had two periods. In step 1905,the UE removes the cyclical prefix from the first symbol. In step 1906,which may be performed after step 1905, the UE generates a replicasymbol that replicates the first symbol, so as to reconstruct theperiodic output.

In step 1908, the UE performs a first DFT operation on a concatenationof the first symbol and the replica symbol. In the example, theconcatenation may have M samples. Thus, the first DFT operation mayrequire an input length equal to the second symbol length minus thecyclical prefix length (e.g., require an input length equal to Msamples).

In step 1909, the UE removes the cyclical prefix from the second symbol.In step 1910, which may be performed after step 1909, the UE performsthe second DFT operation on the second symbol. In the example, thesecond DFT operation requires an input length equal to the second symbollength minus the cyclical prefix length (e.g., requires an input lengthequal to M samples). As steps 1908 and 1910 illustrate, the interleavingof inputs to create a periodic output in a transmitting UE allows thereceiving UE to process a received signal without having to modify thesize of its DFT component.

Each of the first DFT operation and the second DFT operation may outputa plurality of values. For the first DFT operation, the output valuescorrespond to a plurality of symbol values interleaved with zero. In anexample in which the received signal was generated from a periodic IDFToutput having a period of 2, there may be an zero values interleavedbetween every other symbol value. Thus, to extract the symbol valuesfrom the first DFT operation, the UE at step 1912 may extract everyother one of the first plurality of values of the first DFT operation.

Exemplary UE

FIG. 20 illustrates a block diagram of an example of the UEs 102 and104. As shown in FIG. 20, UE 102, 104 includes: the data processingsystem (DPS) 301 (which includes, e.g., a digital signal processor(DSP), which may include one or more processors (P) 2055 (e.g.,microprocessors) and/or one or more circuits, such as an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), Field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), etc.; a transmitter 2003 and receiver 2005, each connected toone of the antennas 512, 514, for wirelessly transmitting and receivinginformation, respectively; a data storage system 2006, which may includeone or more computer-readable data storage mediums, such asnon-transitory memory unit (e.g., hard drive, flash memory, opticaldisk, etc.) and/or volatile storage apparatuses (e.g., dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM)).

In embodiments where data processing system 301 includes a processor2055 (e.g., a microprocessor), a computer program product 2033 may beprovided, which computer program product includes: computer readableprogram code 2043 (e.g., instructions), which implements a computerprogram, stored on a computer readable medium 2042 of data storagesystem 2006, such as, but not limited, to magnetic media (e.g., a harddisk), optical media (e.g., a DVD), memory devices (e.g., random accessmemory), etc. In some embodiments, computer readable program code 2043is configured such that, when executed by data processing system 301,code 2043 causes the data processing system 301 to perform stepsdescribed herein (e.g., steps shown in FIGS. 14-19).

In some embodiments, UE 102, 104 is configured to perform stepsdescribed above without the need for code 2043. For example, dataprocessing system 301 may consist merely of specialized hardware, suchas one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Hence,the features of the present invention described above may be implementedin hardware and/or software. For example, in some embodiments, thefunctional components of UE 102, 104 described above may be implementedby data processing system 301 executing program code 2043, by dataprocessing system 301 operating independent of any computer program code2043, or by any suitable combination of hardware and/or software.

In a second embodiment, UE 102, 104 may further includes: 1) a displayscreen 2023 coupled to the data processing system 301 that enables thedata processing system 301 to display information to a user of UE 102,104; 2) a speaker 2024 coupled to the data processing system 2002 thatenables the data processing system 301 to output audio to the user of UE102, 104; and 3) a microphone 2025 coupled to the data processing system2002 that enables the data processing system 301 to receive audio fromthe user.

Aspects of D2D communication

Direct mode or device-to-device (i.e. D2D) communication enables anumber of potential gains over cellular communication, because D2Ddevices are much closer to one another than cellular devices that haveto communicate via cellular access point (e.g., eNB). The advantagesinclude the following:

-   -   Capacity gain: First, radio resources (e.g. OFDM resource        blocks) between the D2D and cellular layers may be reused (reuse        gain). Second, a D2D link uses a single hop between the        transmitter and receiver points as opposed to the 2-hop link via        a cellular AP (hop gain).    -   Peak rate gain: due to the proximity and potentially favorable        propagation conditions high peak rates could be achieved        (proximity gain);    -   Latency gain: When the UEs communicate over a direct link, eNB        forwarding is short cut and the end-to-end latency can decrease.

While various aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure havebeen described above, it should be understood that they have beenpresented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadthand scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments. Moreover, any combination of theelements described in this disclosure in all possible variations thereofis encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Additionally, while the processes described herein and illustrated inthe drawings are shown as a sequence of steps, this was done solely forthe sake of illustration. Accordingly, it is contemplated that somesteps may be added, some steps may be omitted, the order of the stepsmay be re-arranged, and some steps may be performed in parallel.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of transmitting N output symbolsin a subframe consisting of a first slot and a second slot, each saidslot having N/2 equal length sub-slots, such that each said sub-slot hasa sub-slot length that is equal to the sub-slot length of each othersaid sub-slot, wherein N is greater than four, the method comprising:generating, by a user equipment (UE), said N output symbols, said Noutput symbols comprising: i) a first output symbol having a firstsymbol length, ii) a second output symbol having a second symbol lengththat is greater than the first symbol length, iii) a third output symbolhaving symbol length equal to the second symbol length, and iv) a fourthoutput symbol having symbol length equal to the second symbol length;and during each sub-slot of the subframe, transmitting, by the UE, oneand only one of said N output symbols, wherein the first output symbolis transmitted in one of said sub-slots with a guard period having aguard period length, wherein a sum of the first symbol length and theguard period length is equal to the second symbol length and less thanor equal to the sub-slot length.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein theguard period precedes the transmission of the first output symbol, themethod further comprising: generating an end output symbol having thefirst symbol length; and following the transmission of the first outputsymbol, the second output symbol, the third output symbol, and thefourth output symbol, transmitting the end output symbol with anotherguard period having the guard period length, wherein the guard periodfollows the transmission of the end output symbol.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the first output symbol is a first OFDM symbol of thesub-frame, wherein the second output symbol. third output symbol, andfourth output symbol are middle OFDM symbols of the sub-frame, andwherein the end output symbol is the last OFDM symbol of the sub-frame.4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first output symbol is a firstIDFT-modulated symbol of the sub-frame, wherein the second outputsymbol, third output symbol, and fourth output symbol are middleIDFT-modulated symbols of the sub-frame, and wherein the end outputsymbol is the last IDFT-modulated symbol of the sub-frame.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first symbol length is substantially half of thesub-slot length of each sub-slot, during which one and only one of saidN output symbols is transmitted in the sub-slot.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein generating the first output symbol comprises performing afrequency modulation operation on a first set of input symbols, andwherein generating the second output symbol comprises performing thefrequency modulation operation on a second set of input symbols, whereinthe first set of input symbols is smaller than the second set of inputsymbols.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first set of inputsymbols is half the size of the second set of input symbols.
 8. Themethod of claim 6, wherein each of the first set of input symbols andthe second set of input symbols are one or more bits that have beenencoded by a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) component.
 9. The methodof claim 6, wherein the frequency modulation operation is an inverseFourier transform that uses a set of consecutive sub-carrierfrequencies.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein generating the firstoutput symbol comprises: generating, with the inverse Fourier transform,a periodic output by interleaving a set of inputs that are all zeroamong the input symbols, wherein the interleaving comprises assigningnon-consecutive sub-carrier frequencies to modulate the input symbols,and comprises assigning sub-carrier frequencies that are between thenon-consecutive sub-carrier frequencies to modulate the set of inputsthat are all zero; extracting one period of the periodic output; andadding a cyclical prefix to the extracted output, wherein the firstoutput symbol includes only the extracted output with the added cyclicalprefix.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a total number of inputsymbols and inputs of zero used to generate the first output symbol isequal to a total number of input symbols and inputs of zero used togenerate the second output symbol.
 12. The method of claim 9, whereingenerating the first output symbol comprises generating a periodicoutput by generating an output having two periods by assigning everyother one of the set of consecutive sub-carrier frequencies to modulatethe input symbols, and by assigning all other sub-carrier frequencies tomodulate inputs of zero.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the sum ofthe first symbol length and the guard period length equals the sub-slotlength.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first output symbolincludes a cyclical prefix, and the first symbol length includes alength of the cyclical prefix.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein thefirst output symbol does not include a cyclical prefix.
 16. The methodof claim 1, wherein the guard period is in a first one of the sub-slotsor in a last one of the sub-slots, and is not in any other one of thesub-slots of the at least one slot.
 17. The method of claim 1, whereingenerating the first output symbol comprises generating a periodicoutput by: performing a frequency modulation operation on a first set ofinput symbols using a set of consecutive sub-carrier frequencies;assigning every other one of the set of consecutive sub-carrierfrequencies to modulate the input symbols; and assigning all othersub-carrier frequencies of the set to modulate inputs of zero.
 18. Amethod of receiving N output symbols in a subframe consisting of a firstslot and a second slot, each said slot having N/2 equal lengthsub-slots, such that each said sub-slot has a sub-slot length that isequal to the sub-slot length of each other said sub-slot, wherein N isgreater than four, the method comprising: p1 receiving in the sub-slots,by a user equipment (UE), N signals that include: i) a first signalhaving the sub-slot length, wherein the first signal includes a guardperiod with a guard period length, ii) a second signal having thesub-slot length, iii) a third signal having the sub-slot length, and iv)a fourth signal having the sub-slot length; extracting, from the firstsignal, a first symbol having a first symbol length ; and extracting,from the second, third, and fourth signals, respectively, a secondsymbol, third symbol, and fourth symbol, wherein each of the secondsymbol, third symbol, and fourth symbol has a symbol length equal to asecond symbol length that is greater than the first symbol length, andwherein a sum of the first symbol length and the guard period length isequal to the second symbol length and less than or equal to the sub-slotlength.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first symbol is anIDFT-modulated symbol that includes a cyclical prefix and the secondsymbol is an IDFT-modulated symbol that includes a cyclical prefix, themethod further comprising: removing the cyclical prefix from the firstsymbol; performing a first DFT operation on the first symbol, whereinthe first DFT operation requires an input length equal to the firstsymbol length minus a cyclical prefix length; removing the cyclicalprefix from the second symbol; performing a second DFT operation on thesecond symbol, wherein the second DFT operation requires an input lengthequal to the second symbol length minus the cyclical prefix length. 20.The method of claim 18, wherein the first symbol length is substantiallyhalf of the sub-slot length of each sub-slot, during which one and onlyone of said N signals is received in the sub-slot.
 21. The method ofclaim 20, wherein the first symbol is an IDFT-modulated symbol thatincludes a cyclical prefix and the second symbol is an IDFT-modulatedsymbol that includes a cyclical prefix, the method further comprising:removing the cyclical prefix from the first symbol; generating, afterthe cyclical prefix has been removed from the first symbol, a replicasymbol that is a replica the first symbol; performing, after thecyclical prefix has been removed from the first symbol, a first DFToperation on a concatenation of the replica symbol and the first symbol,wherein the first DFT operation requires an input length equal to thesecond symbol length minus a cyclical prefix length, and wherein thefirst DFT operation outputs a first plurality of values; removing thecyclical prefix from the second symbol; performing, after the cyclicalprefix has been removed from the second symbol, a second DFT operationon the second symbol, wherein the second DFT operation requires an inputlength equal to the second symbol length minus the cyclical prefixlength, and wherein the second DFT operation outputs a second pluralityof values; and extracting every other one of the first plurality ofvalues.
 22. A User Equipment (UE) for transmitting N output symbols in asub-frame consisting of a first slot and a second slot, each said slothaving N/2 equal length sub-slots such that each said sub-slot has asub-slot length that is equal to the sub-slot length of each other saidsub-slot, wherein N is greater than four, the UE comprising a processingsystem and a data storage system, said data storage system comprisinginstructions that, when executed by said processing system, causes theUE to: generate said N output symbols, said N output symbols comprising:i) a first output symbol having a first symbol length, ii) a secondoutput symbol having a second symbol length that is greater than thefirst symbol length, iii) a third output symbol having symbol lengthequal to the second symbol length. and iv) a fourth output symbol havingsymbol length equal to the second symbol length; and during eachsub-slot of the subframe, transmit one and only one of said N outputsymbols. wherein the first output symbol is transmitted in one of saidsub-slots with a guard period having a guard period length, wherein asum of the first symbol length and the guard period length is equal tothe second symbol length and less than or equal to the sub-slot length.23. A User Equipment (UE) for receiving N output symbols in a subframeconsisting of a first slot and a second slot, each said slot having N/2equal length sub-slots such that each said sub-slot has a sub-slotlength that is equal to the sub-slot length of each other said sub-slot,wherein N is greater than four, The UE comprising a processing systemand a data storage system, said data storage system comprisinginstructions that, when executed by said processing system, causes theUE to: receive in the sub-slots N signals that include: a first signalhaving the sub-slot length, wherein the first signal includes a guardperiod with a guard period length ii) a second signal having thesub-slot length, iii) a third signal having the sub-slot length, and iv)a fourth signal having the sub-slot length; extract, from the firstsignal, a first symbol having a first symbol length; extract the second,third, and fourth signals respectively, a second symbol, third symbol,and fourth symbol, wherein each of the second symbol, third symbol, andfourth symbol has a symbol length equal to. a second symbol having asecond symbol length that is greater than the first symbol length, andwherein a sum of the first symbol length and the guard period length isequal to the second symbol length and less than or equal to the sub-slotlength.